QExperimenters at the National Institute of Standards and Technology have made precise measurements of the speed of light using the fact that, in vacuum, the speed of electromagnetic waves is c = 1/Sqrt(µ00), where the constants µ0 = 4 pi*10^-7 N·s2/C2 and 0 = 8.854 * 10^-12 C2/N·m2. What value (to four significant figures) does this give for the speed of light in vacuum?

QFirst person to have the secret word will win, this is for mentally strong people who can bear the thought of reading through long boring text. Ten points to first.here goes be prepared.The Technical effort to develop this Guide was conducted underInteragency Agreement 94-IJ-R-004 Project No. 97-027-CTT.This Guide was prepared by the Office of Law Enforcement Standards(OLES) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)under the direction of A. George Lieberman, Program Manager forCommunications Systems, and Kathleen M. Higgins, Director of OLES. The work resulting in this guide was sponsored by the National Institute ofJustice, David G. Boyd, Director, Office of Science and Technology.------------------------------FOREWORDThe Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) of the NationalInstitute of Standards and Technology furnishes technical support to theNational Institute of Justice program to strengthen law enforcement andcriminal justice in the United States. OLES's function is to conductresearch that will assist law enforcement and criminal justice agencies inthe selection and procurement of quality equipment.OLES is: (1) subjecting existing equipment to laboratory testing andevaluation, and (2) conducting research leading to the development ofseveral series of documents, including national standards, user guides, andtechnical reports.This document covers research conducted by OLES under the sponsorshipof the National Institute of Justice. Additional reports as well as otherdocuments are being issued under the OLES program in the areas ofprotective clothing and equipment, communications systems, emergencyequipment, investigative aids, security systems, vehicles, weapons, andanalytical techniques and standard reference materials used by the forensiccommunity.Technical comments and suggestions concerning this report are invitedfrom all interested parties. They may be addressed to the Director, Officeof Law Enforcement Standards, National Institute of Standards andTechnology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899.David G. Boyd, DirectorOffice of Science and Technology National Institute of Justice-------------------------------BACKGROUNDThe Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) was established by theNational Institute of Justice (NIJ) to provide focus on two majorobjectives: (1) to find existing equipment which can be purchased today,and (2) to develop new law-enforcement equipment which can be madeavailable as soon as possible. A part of OLES's mission is to becomethoroughly familiar with existing equipment, to evaluate its performanceby means of objective laboratory tests, to develop and improve thesemethods of test, to develop performance standards for selected equipmentitems, and to prepare guidelines for the selection and use of thisequipment. All of these activities are directed toward providing lawenforcement agencies with assistance in making good equipmentselections and acquisitions in accordance with their own requirements.As the OLES program has matured, there has been a gradual shift in theobjectives of the OLES projects. The initial emphasis on the developmentof standards has decreased, and the emphasis on the development ofguidelines has increased. For the significance of this shift in emphasis tobe appreciated, the precise definitions of the words "standard" and"guideline" as used in this context must be clearly understood.A "standard" for a particular item of equipment is understood to be aformal document, in a conventional format, that details the performancethat the equipment is required to give, and describes test methods bythe secret word is 97 letters from the full stop.which its actual performance can be measured. These requirements aretechnical, and are stated in terms directly re jockysocks lated to the equipment's use.The basic purposes of a standard are (1) to be a reference in procurementdocuments created by purchasing officers who wish to specify equipmentof the "standard" quality, and (2) to identify objectively equipment ofacceptable performance.Note that a standard is not intended to inform and guide the reader; that isthe function of a "guideline." Guidelines are written in non-technicallanguage and are addressed to the potential user of the equipment. Theyinclude a general discussion of the equipment, its important performanceattributes, the various models currently on the market, objective test datawhere available, and any other information that might help the readermake a rational selection among the various options or alternativesavailable to him or her.This battery guide is provided to inform the reader of the latest technologyrelated to battery composition, battery usage, and battery chargingtechniques.Kathleen HigginsNational Institute of Standards and TechnologyMarch 27, 19WE HAVE A WINNER!Is there a charachter limit? i dint know? i just copied and paste it then added the word

QRadio station WWV of the National Institute of Standards and Technology,Fort Collins, Colorado, transmits precise time signals at radio frequencies of 2.5, 5.0, 10, 15, and 20 MHz. What are the wave lengths of these transmission?Correction: transmissions*

QNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center DisasterAnswers to Frequently Asked Questions (August 30, 2006)"In no instance did NIST report that steel in the WTC towers melted due to the fires."Can anyone give me a creditable source to prove otherwise?

QThe two major factors in the collapse itself were the fires and the lack of fire proofing around the trusses and some columns. With fire proofing, the steel was rated for 2 hours of continuous fire. Without it, that time is cut dramatically. Construction.comThe below test results are used by conspiracy theorists to suggest the collapse couldn't have happened because, if you note the test under "Failure to support load" there are three asterisks (***) which indicates that failure did not occur. What they don't stress is the fact that all four tests have fire proofing on the trusses. Note the fire rating with 1/2 inch spray on fire proofing is 45 minutes. Some trusses and columns in the towers impact zone had none.http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/factsheet/wtc_fire_resistance_data.htm An incredibly detailed account of the fires can be found herehttp://wtc.nist.gov/NISTNCSTAR1-5A_chap_9-AppxC.pdf (56 megs)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Update:One of the BIG lies in the "truth" movement is that UL certifies steel. An ex-employee named Kevin Ryan, who worked as a water tester at UL, said "The buildings should have easily withstood the thermal stress caused by pools of burning jet fuel." He says he knows this because UL certified steel components of the World Trade Center and that someone from the company who was connected with the UL testing told him this fact. Now for some facts the "truth" movement doesn't tell you.UL doesn't certify steel components like a steel truss or column. They certify assemblies. That means they certified the total assembly, all put together. They also didn't replicate the impact levels. They replicated a floor system with fireproofing as it would have been before the impact. They also tested it with various fireproofing thicknesses. (See above UL test results) The test trusses were physically undamaged and had intact fireproofing for the purpose of standard rating. What this means is that Mr. Ryan doesn't even know what his former employer does, much less what it did during the World Trade Center investigation. Maybe that's why they fired him...The other lie in the "truth" movement is the characterization of what the NIST said was the cause of the collapse. 1) The NIST NEVER said burning jet fuel was the cause of the collapse2) If the assembly stayed together, it only SUPPORTS the NIST hypothesis that the trusses pulled the columns in. 3) The UL test caused the test trusses to sag even with fireproofing NIST Tests Provide Fire Resistance Data on World Trade Center Floor SystemsNational Institute of Standards & TechnologyAug 27, 2004 10:14 AMThe Commerce Department’s National Institute of Standards and Technology today reported that results from a series of four fire resistance tests conducted this month on composite concrete-steel trussed floor systems typical of those used in the World Trade Center towers showed that the test structures were able to withstand standard fire conditions for between one and two hours. The tests are part of NIST’s building and fire safety investigation of the WTC disaster on Sept. 11, 2001.The 1968 New York City building code – the code that the towers were intended but not required to meet when they were built – required a two-hour fire rating for the floor system.Shyam Sunder, lead investigator of the NIST WTC investigation, explained that the four laboratory tests provide only a means for evaluating the relative fire resistance rating of the floor systems under standard fire conditions and according to accepted test procedures. Sunder cautioned, “These tests alone cannot be used to determine the actual performance of the floor systems in the collapse of the WTC towers. However, they are already providing valuable insight into the role that the floors may have played in causing the inward bowing of the perimeter columns minutes before both buildings collapsed.”“The fire conditions in the towers on 9-11 were far more extreme than those to which floor systems in standard U.S. fire rating tests are subjected,” Sunder said to a group that gathered to watch yesterday’s final test at Underwriters Laboratories (UL) in Northbrook, Ill. “Our investigation’s final assessment of how the floor system performed in the WTC fires also must consider factors such as the combustible fuel load of the hijacked jets, the extent and number of floors involved, the rate of the fire spread across and between floors, ventilation conditions, and the impact of the aircraft-damaged towers’ ability to resist the fire,” Sunder said.All four WTC floor system fire tests used the standard procedure known as ASTM E119 for rating the fire resistance of a building structural unit such as a floor system, column or beam under prescribed conditions. The tests were conducted as part of a NIST contract at two separate UL fire test laboratories to take advantage of the different capabilities available at these facilities.The first two tests, conducted earlier this month at the UL facility in Toronto, Canada, looked at the fire performance of 11-meter (35-foot) floor systems coated with a near-uniform 19-millimeter-thick (0.75-inch) layer of fireproofing material. This is representative of the span size and as-applied average fireproofing thickness of the floor systems in the WTC towers. http://firechief.com/news/nist-tests-wtc9835/index.html Kevin Ryan is the editor of the "scholars" Journal of 911 Studies and one of the "peers" who review their so called "peer" reviewed papers.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Since we are on the subject of fire proofing, let me touch on something which keeps being repeated by the so called "scholars". They keep suggesting that lease owner Larry Silverstein had a very good reason to blow up the towers. Fetzer: My impression has been that there were a couple of problems with the towers and it may have been that they were chronic problems. One of course was that it was laden with asbestos and that any proposal to remove that asbestos which was used as a coating on the steel as I understand it would have been a gargantuan task at incredible expense. Can anyone imagine for example of constructing scaffolding around a 110 story building? And second of all that there were difficulties with occupancy that Larry Silverstein wasn’t getting a full return on his investment from the ordinary use of the buildings, because a tremendous large numbers of offices were unoccupied. Whole floors and sections of the buildings.The fact is that asbestos in the towers was limited to floors only up to the 38th floor of WTC 1 and it was encapsulated. There was no asbestos in WTC2 ."Several materials were considered for the sprayed thermal insulation. The exterior columns required insulation not only for fire protection but also to control column temperatures under service conditions. Alcoa recommended for the exterior columns the use of a sprayed material produced by U.S. Mineral Products, Co. known as BLAZE-SHIELD Type D. The same material was eventually selected for the floor trusses and core beams and columns. This product, however, contained asbestos fibers. On April 13, 1970, New York City issued restrictions on the application of sprayed thermal insulation containing asbestos. The use of BLAZE-SHIELD Type D was discontinued in 1970 at the 38th floor of WTC 1. The asbestos-containing material was subsequently encapsulated with a sprayed material that provided a hard coating. A green dye was added to the encapsulating material so that the asbestos containing SFRM could be identified. Thermal protection of the remaining floors of WTC 1 and all of WTC 2 was carried out using BLAZE-SHIELD Type DC/F, a product that contained mineral wool (glassy fibers) in place of the crystalline asbestos fibers. On the basis of tests, it was reported that the thermal properties of BLAZE-SHIELD Type DC/F were equal to or "slightly better" than those of BLAZE-SHIELD Type D"NIST NCSTAR 1-6A So much for asbestos, now what about the occupancy...May 31, 1998As the market for office space in midtown has tightened and rental rates increased, tenants have been looking to downtown as a cheaper alternative. Over the last year, those seeking large blocks of space have been finding them at the trade center, which had many vacancies as a result of the 1993 terrorist bombing and the shrinkage of the financial industry in the early part of the decade. ''In January 1997 we had about an 80 percent occupancy rate,'' said Cherrie Nanninga, director of real estate for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which owns the complex. Twenty percent of 10.5 million square feet of space is 2.1 million, which would be a substantial building by itself. But as a result of the last year's work, Ms. Nanninga, said the complex is over 90 percent occupied and expects to it reach the 95 percent mark by the end of the year. That, she said, would be about as full as the center is likely to get, since there is almost always someone moving in or out. ''Ninety-seven percent occupancy would be full,'' said Ms. Nanninga, whose name is pronounced NAN-in-gay. Downtown; At the World Trade Center, Things Are Looking UpFebruary 12, 2001 As Real Estate Director, a position Mrs. Nanninga has held since 1996, the occupancy rate at the trade center has risen from 78 percent to a healthy 98 percent, retail soared in the trade center's mall, and available office space in the Newark Legal Center has nearly been filled. Today, only about 250,000 of the 10.4 million square feet of office space in the trade center remains vacant. And the legal center has an occupancy rate of over 99 percent. http://www.panynj.gov/AboutthePortAuthority/PressCenter/PressReleases/PressRelease/index.php?id=61 So much for the "difficulties with occupancy". http://www.911myths.com/html/windfall.html This is yet another example of what the "scholars" want to spend millions investigating. I don't want my child paying one cent just because these "scholars" do sloppy research or have hidden political agendas. Because with the 8.4 trillion national debt, the millions they want spent will be paid by our children. It's cheaper to just send me a thank you at debunk911@hotmail.com. :)One more thing, if making money off the murder of 3000 people mean you committed the murder, does that also mean losing money off the murder of 3000 people mean you're innocent?Sources: http://www.debunking911.com

QIf you guys could help me with my research, that would be great. I seem to be having trouble finding the number of people employed by the following Bureaus in the D.O.C.-Economics and Statistics Administration (ESA)-Economic Development Administration (EDA)-International Trade Administration (ITA)-Minority Business Development Administration (MBDA)-National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)-National Technical Information Service (NTIS)-National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA)-US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)I would like to include this data in a project that I have for Honors Government, so links would be nice, but are not necessary.Also, it would be nice to know the total number of employees in the Department, as I keep coming up with conflicting data (I have either 54,236 or 30,000 -_-)Thanks again for any information.

QCan you explain why US official time is about 8 minutes different from Internet time even though the source for both measures is the National Institute of Standards and Technology?

QTHIS was the guy that did the NASA shooting just hours ago. --- Highly educated, and high on the socioeconomic ladder. --- He received the B.S. in Physics from Juniata College in 1970 and the Ph.D. from MIT in 1976. After two years as a Chaim Weizmann postdoctoral fellow at MIT, he joined the staff of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (then the National Bureau of Standards) in 1978. He was a NIST Fellow, leader of the Laser Cooling and Trapping Group in the Atomic Physics Division of NIST's Physics Laboratory, and was a Distinguished professor of physics at the University of Maryland, College Park. Dr. Phillips was a fellow of the American Physical Society, the Optical Society of America, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and was a member of the National Academy of Sciences ………… He was the recipient of the Gold Medal of the U. S. Department of Commerce (1993), the Michelson Medal of the Franklin Institute (1996) and the Schawlow Prize of the American Physical Society (1998). In 1997, Dr. Phillips shared the Nobel Prize in Physics "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light". --- WE’RE TALKING ABOUT A DAMN ROCKET SCIENTIST FOR GOD’S SAKE!NASA just had one of it’s astronauts, Lisa Novak, attempt murder and kidnapping. Is it just me, or does something seem to be radically wrong. People that one would expect to be the least likely to commit these sorts of crimes are going over to the Dark Side.

QThis morning I was awoken by my alarm clock powered by electricity generated by the public power monopoly regulated by the US department of energy. I then took a shower in the clean water provided by the municipal water utility. After that, I turned on the TV to one of the FCC regulated channels to see what the national weather service of the national oceanographic and atmospheric administration determined the weather was going to be like using satellites designed, built, and launched by the national aeronautics and space administration.I watched this while eating my breakfast of US department of agriculture inspected food and taking the drugs which have been determined as safe by the food and drug administration.At the appropriate time as regulated by the US congress and kept accurate by the national institute of standards and technology and the US naval observatory, I get into my national highway traffic safety administration approved automobile and set out to work on the roads build by the local, state, and federal departments of transportation, possibly stopping to purchase additional fuel of a quality level determined by the environmental protection agency, using legal tender issued by the federal reserve bank. On the way out the door I deposit any mail I have to be sent out via the US postal service and drop the kids off at the public school.After spending another day not being maimed or killed at work thanks to the workplace regulations imposed by the department of labor and the occupational safety and health administration, enjoying another two meals which again do not kill me because of the USDA, I drive my NHTSA car back home on the DOT roads, to ny house which has not burned down in my absence because of the state and local building codes and fire marshal's inspection, and which has not been plundered of all it's valuables thanks to the local police department.I then log on to the internet which was developed by the defense advanced research projects administration and post on freerepublic.com and fox news forums about how SOCIALISM in medicine is BAD because the government can't do anything right.

QThis morning I was awoken by my alarm clock powered by electricity generated by the public power monopoly regulated by the US department of energy.I then took a shower in the clean water provided by the municipal water utility.After that, I turned on the TV to one of the FCC regulated channels to see what the national weather service of the national oceanographic and atmospheric administration determined the weather was going to be like using satellites designed, built, and launched by the national aeronautics and space administration. I watched this while eating my breakfast of US department of agriculture inspected food and taking the drugs which have been determined as safe by the food and drug administration.At the appropriate time as regulated by the US congress and kept accurate by the national institute of standards and technology and the US naval observatory, I get into my national highway traffic safety administration approved automobile and set out to work on the roads built by the local, state, and federal departments of transportation, possibly stopping to purchase additional fuel of a quality level determined by the environmental protection agency, using legal tender issued by the federal reserve bank. On the way out the door I deposit any mail I have to be sent out via the US postal service and drop the kids off at the public school. Then, after spending another day not being maimed or killed at work thanks to the workplace regulations imposed by the department of labor and the occupational safety and health administration, I drive back to my house which has not burned down in my absence because of the state and local building codes and the fire marshall's inspection, and which has not been plundered of all its valuables thanks to the local police department.I then log onto the internet which was developed by the defense advanced research projects administration and post on freerepublic and fox news forums about how SOCIALISM in medicine is BAD because the government can't do anything right.